International Congress on Economics, Management and Business Studies
International Congress on Economics, Management and Business Studies Aim & Scope: This congress focuses on economics, finance, management, entrepreneurship, and business innovation. It welcomes empirical, theoretical, and policy-oriented research related to global and emerging economies. About E-Conferencia Platform: Through open-access proceedings, E-Conferencia enhances the reach and transparency of economic and business research for scholars worldwide. Hosted Online from: New York, USA Schedule: 23rd of Each Month
THE MOON AND THE SUN AS LITERARY ARCHETYPES
This article examines the nature of the images of the moon and the sun as literary archetypes, their mythological, philosophical, and aesthetic origins, and their functional-semantic potential in the literature of different periods. The concept of the archetype is interpreted on the basis of C. G. Jung‘s views on the collective unconscious and primordial images, as well as N. Frye’s theory of archetypal criticism. The study considers the moon and the sun not merely as landscape elements or poetic ornaments, but as archetypal images that shape the ideological and compositional system of a literary work and express such categories as the psychology and destiny of the protagonist, love, life and death, knowledge and ignorance, consciousness and the unconscious, time and eternity. Literary works featuring images of the moon and the sun are analyzed, and the semantics of their archetypal meanings are identified. At the same time, the study demonstrates that these meanings are neither fixed nor immutable in literary texts; rather, authors may invert, juxtapose, or individually reinterpret archetypal meanings within their own poetic systems. In particular, it is argued that in Frankenstein, the sun and the moon represent two different psychological dimensions of the archetype of light; in Romeo and Juliet, they embody the opposition between love and instability; in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Sol and Luna express the relationships between consciousness and the unconscious, masculinity and femininity, order and transformation; in Moby-Dick, the sun functions as an ambivalent symbol of cosmic and divine power; while in Alisher Navoi’s epics, the moon and the sun represent beauty, perfection, and divine love within the framework of classical Eastern poetics.
archetype, literary archetype, moon, sun, mythologeme, symbol, Jung, Frye, mythopoetics, light, darkness, love, fate, life, death, consciousness, unconsciousness, classical literature, modern literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НА ИНВЕСТИЦИОННУЮ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ ТЕКСТИЛЬНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ
В статье рассматривается влияние принципов устойчивого производства на формирование инвестиционной привлекательности предприятий текстильной промышленности. Особое внимание уделено экономическим результатам внедрения ресурсосберегающих технологий, снижению энерго- и материалоёмкости производства, рациональному использованию сырья, сокращению производственных отходов и повышению эффективности использования ресурсов. Обосновано, что устойчивое производство следует рассматривать не только как экологическое направление развития предприятия, но и как фактор, способный оказывать непосредственное влияние на его финансовые результаты, уровень производственных рисков, конкурентоспособность и инвестиционный потенциал.
устойчивое производство, инвестиционная привлекательность, текстильная промышленность, ресурсосбережение, экономическая эффективность, инвестиции, производственные затраты, циркулярная экономика, технологическая модернизация, инвестиционный риск.
INCREASING ENTERPRISE PROFITABILITY THROUGH FINANCIAL REHABILITATION
Financial rehabilitation is an important mechanism for restoring the financial health and improving the profitability of enterprises experiencing financial difficulties. In a competitive economic environment, enterprises may face declining revenues, increasing operating costs, excessive debt, insufficient liquidity, inefficient asset utilization, and weak cash-flow management. These factors can reduce profitability and negatively affect long-term business sustainability. This thesis examines the role of financial rehabilitation in increasing enterprise profitability and identifies the principal mechanisms that can be applied to restore financial stability. The study is based on a review of theoretical approaches and contemporary financial-management practices. The analysis demonstrates that effective financial rehabilitation should combine cost optimization, working-capital improvement, debt restructuring, asset utilization, revenue diversification, cash-flow management, and financial planning. The study argues that financial rehabilitation should not be limited to eliminating short-term financial difficulties but should also create conditions for sustainable profitability and long-term enterprise development. The proposed approach can be particularly relevant for enterprises with declining financial performance, high financial leverage, inefficient resource allocation, or temporary liquidity constraints.
financial rehabilitation, enterprise profitability, financial stability, cost optimization, debt restructuring, working capital, cash flow, financial management.
INCREASING THE ROLE OF BANK CREDIT IN ENSURING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
This article examines the role of bank credit in ensuring the financial stability of business entities. In modern economic conditions, access to financial resources is one of the key factors determining the sustainable development and competitiveness of enterprises. Bank loans enable businesses to finance investment projects, replenish working capital, modernize production facilities, introduce innovative technologies, and expand their operations. At the same time, effective use of credit resources requires appropriate financial planning and risk management. The article identifies the main ways to increase the role of bank lending in strengthening the financial stability of business entities, including improving lending mechanisms, reducing the cost of credit resources, developing long-term financing, introducing modern digital technologies, and improving cooperation between banks and enterprises.
Bank credit, financial stability, business entities, lending, investment, working capital, financial resources, credit risk, entrepreneurship.
IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SERVICES SECTOR
The services sector is one of the most important components of the modern economy. It includes a wide range of activities such as trade, transport, tourism, banking, finance, education, healthcare, information technology, communication, and professional services. The development of this sector contributes significantly to economic growth, employment creation, improvement of living standards, and increased competitiveness of national economies. In recent decades, technological progress, digitalization, globalization, and changes in consumer demand have significantly transformed the services sector. Businesses are increasingly required to provide faster, more convenient, affordable, and high-quality services. Therefore, improving the efficiency of the services sector has become an important economic priority. The purpose of this paper is to examine the main factors influencing the development and efficiency of the services sector and to identify effective measures for improving its performance. Particular attention is paid to digital technologies, human capital, service quality, innovation, and effective management.
technologies, human capital, service quality, innovation, and effective management.
THE INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALIPHATIC AMINES AND ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF THEIR SYNTHESIS FROM LOCAL RAW MATERIALS
This scientific thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the strategic role of aliphatic amines in the modern chemical industry and technological processes, their diverse practical applications across the national economy, the fundamental principles of industrial-scale synthesis technologies based on paraffin hydrocarbons, process kinetics, and the influence of catalytic systems on selectivity. The study examines the relationship between the structure of heterogeneous catalysts, activation energy, and reaction mechanisms in improving product yield, and further addresses the technical and economic aspects of establishing the production of high-molecular-weight amines from local raw materials — namely, the paraffin fractions of the Shurtan and Muborak oil-and-gas chemical complexes. The growth dynamics of the global amine market and Uzbekistan's import-substitution potential in the chemical industry are considered separately.
aliphatic amines, paraffins, catalytic amination, heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion inhibitors, cationic flotation reagents, chemical technology, selectivity, reaction kinetics, import substitution.
This in the thesis corporate finance of the field central from problems one is capital structure optimization issue theoretical point of view from the point of view analysis Traditional from the approach pull modern market time to theory was seven main theoretical approach seeing out , their essence , main postulates and mutual differences open Research results this shows that no one theory capital structure formation all aspects complete explain can't , that's it because of in practice integrated approach application to the goal is appropriate
FORMULATING A MODERN SERVICE DELIVERY STRATEGY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This research abstract analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of formulating modern service delivery strategies within higher education institutions. The competitiveness of a modern higher education institution depends not only on the content of educational programs and faculty expertise but also on the quality and accessibility of academic, administrative, informational, career, and digital services provided to students. In service marketing theory, a deep understanding of consumer needs and the continuous improvement of service quality are regarded as crucial factors for an organization’s sustainable development. From this perspective, student-centered management, digitalization, feedback mechanisms, the implementation of service standards, and the monitoring of quality indicators are identified as key components of a modern strategy in higher education. The study outlines the stages of formulating a service delivery strategy and develops practical recommendations for its enhancement.
higher education, educational services, service delivery strategy, student-centered approach, digitalization, quality of education, service quality, innovation, competitiveness, electronic services, feedback.
МЕХАНИЗМ ОТСРОЧКИ ТАМОЖЕННЫХ ПЛАТЕЖЕЙ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПОЛНОМОЧЕННЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАТОРОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ УЗБЕКИСТАН
В статье исследован механизм отсрочки уплаты таможенных платежей в рамках института уполномоченного экономического оператора (УЭО) в Узбекистане на основе анализа 209 642 таможенных деклараций 96 сертифицированных операторов за 2021–2025 годы, выявившего рост масштабов применения отсрочки и существенные различия между категориями УЭО. Установлено, что данный механизм обеспечивает значимый финансовый эффект и выступает не только средством ускорения таможенного оформления, но и эффективным инструментом управления оборотным капиталом.
уполномоченный экономический оператор; УЭО; отсрочка таможенных платежей; оборотный капитал; таможенное администрирование; категоризация операторов; финансовая эффективность; упрощение торговли.
COMPREHENSIVE TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF STORAGE TANKS AND PREDICTION OF THEIR SAFE OPERATIONAL LIFE AT HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
The safe operation of storage tanks at hazardous industrial facilities depends on the ability to determine their actual technical condition and predict possible changes during long-term operation. This article analyzes the application of comprehensive technical diagnostics for evaluating the condition of storage tanks and determining their remaining service life. The study considers the combined influence of corrosion damage, welded joint condition, metal thickness reduction, and operational factors affecting the reliability of tank structures. The study confirms that regular technical inspection and data-based assessment methods help identify critical changes in the condition of storage tanks at an early stage. This approach reduces the risk of unexpected failures and provides a scientific basis for planning maintenance and repair activities.
storage tank, technical diagnostics, residual life assessment, corrosion monitoring, welded joints, non-destructive testing, industrial safety, reliability evaluation.
ТИЖОРАТ БАНКЛАРИНИНГ МОЛИЯВИЙ ХИЗМАТЛАРИ ВА УЛАРНИНГ ТУРЛАРИ
ушбу мақолада тижорат банкларининг молиявий хизматлари ва уларнинг турларига алоҳида эътибор қаратилган. Тижорат банклари томонидан кўрсатиладиган агентлик хизматларининг турлари мисоллар ёрдамида очиб берилган.
депозит хизматлари, кредитлаш, банк, ҳисоб-китоб, касса хизмати, мижоз, тижорат банклари, факторинг хизматлари
THE PLACE OF THE SILK NETWORK IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES
Silk production humanity civilization, is one of the ancient industries closely linked to trade routes and cultural exchange processes. It has historically been shaped not only as an economic activity that produced luxurious textile products, but also as an exchange of trade, technology and craftsmanship between peoples. In the current context, the importance of sericulture is not limited to historical heritage; it is an important sector that provides employment in rural areas, increases export earnings, supports local industry and increases the added value of textile products. agro-industry in the direction of is spinning.
mulberry plantations, silkworm seed, cocoon cultivation, raw silk production, silk thread and fabric production
ЖАНРОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СУДЕБНО-МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ДЕТЕКТИВА В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ПАТРИЦИИ КОРНУЭЛЛ
В статье рассматриваются жанровые особенности судебно-медицинского детектива на материале произведений современной американской писательницы Патриции Корнуэлл. Анализируются характерные черты данного жанра, особенности авторского стиля, роль судебной медицины и криминалистики в построении художественного мира романов. Особое внимание уделяется образу доктора Кей Скарпетты как центральной героини цикла произведений Корнуэлл. Делается вывод о том, что творчество писательницы оказало значительное влияние на развитие современного криминального детектива.
Патриция Корнуэлл, судебно-медицинский детектив, криминальный роман, детективная литература, судебная медицина, криминалистика, Кей Скарпетта.
CURRENT STATE OF INTERNAL AUDIT ORGANIZATION IN COMMERCIAL BANKS AND THE KEY CHALLENGES AFFECTING ITS EFFECTIVENESS
This thesis analyzes the current state of the organization and implementation of internal audit processes in commercial banks of Uzbekistan. Six major groups of factors reducing the effectiveness of internal audit activities are systematized, and their cause-and-effect relationships are identified and explained.
internal audit service, audit plan, human resource capacity, recommendation monitoring, audit effectiveness, digitalization, independence.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN INVESTMENT ATTRACTION
In the context of modern globalization, investment emerges as a critical strategic factor in ensuring national economic stability, expanding productive capacity, and enhancing international competitiveness. In particular, attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a pivotal role in technological modernization, the creation of new production facilities, the promotion of innovation activities, and the generation of employment opportunities. From this perspective, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are widely utilized in global practice as effective institutional mechanisms for attracting investment. Special Economic Zones are designated geographic areas where specific economic, legal, customs, and administrative conditions are established to conduct business activities. Their primary objective is to stimulate investment activity, develop manufacturing capacity, and efficiently leverage the economic potential of regions. Incentives granted to investors within these zones—including tax reliefs, customs preferences, fully developed infrastructure, and streamlined administrative procedures—substantially enhance the attractiveness of investment projects.
BIRLAMCHI TIBBIY-SANITARIYA YORDAMINI MOLIYALASHTIRISHDA AHOLI JON BOSHIGA HAQ TO‘LASH MODELINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH YO‘NALISHLARI
Mazkur tezisda birlamchi tibbiy-sanitariya yordamini moliyalashtirishda aholi jon boshiga haq to‘lash (ingl. capitation) modelining iqtisodiy mohiyati, unda shakllanadigan rag‘batlar va moliyaviy xavflar tahlil qilingan. Bir xil stavkaga asoslangan oddiy modeldan aholining tibbiy ehtiyoji hamda xizmat ko‘rsatish uchun kutilayotgan xarajatlarni hisobga oluvchi tabaqalashtirilgan modelga o‘tishning asosiy elementlari tizimlashtirilgan. Tahlil natijasida bazaviy stavkani yosh, jins, kasallanish darajasi va hududiy sharoitlarni hisobga oluvchi koeffitsiyentlar asosida tuzatish, xizmatlar paketini aniq belgilash hamda xizmatlar hajmi va sifatini muntazam kuzatish va baholashga qaratilgan takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.
birlamchi tibbiy-sanitariya yordami, davlat tibbiy sug‘urtasi, aholi jon boshiga haq to‘lash, tibbiy ehtiyoj, tabaqalashtirilgan to‘lov, bazaviy stavka, strategik xarid.
QOROVULBOZOR TUMANINING IQTISODIY-GEOGRAFIK RIVOJLANISH XUSUSIYATLARI
Mazkur maqolada Buxoro viloyatining Qorovulbozor tumanining iqtisodiy-geografik rivojlanish xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan. Tumanning geografik o‘rni, tabiiy resurslari, sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligi tarmoqlarining rivojlanishi hamda ekologik muammolari ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Shuningdek, hududning iqtisodiy salohiyati va istiqboldagi rivojlanish yo‘nalishlari ko‘rsatib berilgan.
Qorovulbozor tumani, iqtisodiy geografiya, neft-gaz sanoati, qishloq xo‘jaligi, tabiiy resurslar, ekologiya, melioratsiya.
ECOTOURISM SITES IN SAMARKAND REGION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF SERVICES THERE
Ecotourism sites in Samarkand Region lose competitiveness when reception, guiding, transport, and booking operate as disconnected functions instead of one guest-facing chain. To examine this service gap, a mixed-method case study combined a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis. Descriptive results showed the weakest point in booking convenience (2.10–4.60), while reception coordination was stronger (2.70–4.90) and perceived service quality stayed within 2.40–4.80. The regression model accounted for a substantial part of the variance (R² = 0.47). Coordination was the dominant predictor (β = 0.41, p<0.001), transport accessibility also contributed significantly (β = 0.28, p = 0.006), and the remaining service dimensions were less influential. These results support integrated reservation, guide scheduling, and access management as the most effective route to better visitor experience and more stable ecotourism performance.
sustainable tourism, stakeholder alignment, guest satisfaction, regional management, transport accessibility, service quality, Uzbekistan
OPTIMIZING INVESTMENT PROJECT FINANCING THROUGH SYNDICATED LENDING BY COMMERCIAL BANKS
The article examines contemporary approaches to improving the practice of financing investment projects through syndicated loans provided by commercial banks. In the context of accelerated economic growth and the implementation of large-scale investment programs, the demand for substantial financial resources continues to increase, often exceeding the lending capacity of individual banks. Under these circumstances, syndicated lending serves as an effective financial instrument for mobilizing capital, enabling the distribution of credit risk among several financial institutions, strengthening the stability of the banking sector, and facilitating the financing of large infrastructure, industrial, and energy projects. The study analyzes the major advantages of syndicated lending, including credit risk diversification, improved bank liquidity, expanded lending capacity, and enhanced interbank cooperation. Particular attention is paid to the current challenges hindering the development of the syndicated loan market in the Republic of Uzbekistan, such as the lack of a harmonized regulatory framework, limited experience in organizing banking syndicates, the absence of standardized loan documentation, and the insufficient digitalization of banking processes.
Syndicated lending; Commercial banks; Investment projects; Banking consortium; Credit risk management; Project finance; Financial stability; Republic of Uzbekistan.
СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ПРАКТИКИ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ СИНДИЦИРОВАННЫХ КРЕДИТОВ, ПРЕДОСТАВЛЯЕМЫХ КОММЕРЧЕСКИМИ БАНКАМИ
В статье рассматриваются современные подходы к совершенствованию практики финансирования инвестиционных проектов посредством синдицированных кредитов, предоставляемых коммерческими банками. В условиях ускорения экономического роста и реализации масштабных инвестиционных программ возрастает потребность в привлечении значительных финансовых ресурсов, объем которых зачастую превышает возможности отдельных банков. В этой связи синдицированное кредитование выступает эффективным инструментом мобилизации капитала, позволяющим распределить кредитные риски между несколькими финансовыми учреждениями, повысить устойчивость банковской системы и обеспечить финансирование крупных инфраструктурных, промышленных и энергетических проектов.
синдицированное кредитование; коммерческие банки; инвестиционные проекты; банковский консорциум; управление кредитными рисками; проектное финансирование; финансовая устойчивость; Республика Узбекистан.
FOREIGN COUNTRIES’ EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF CUSTOMS FEES
One of the most important issues today is the accurate determination of customs fees. In setting customs fees, it is essential to take into account protectionism and free trade policies, protect domestic producers from unfair competition, safeguard the rights of consumers, prevent goods from being smuggled into or out of the country, and, finally, effectively utilize factors that contribute to increasing the revenue part of the national budget. To determine the legal nature and precise definition of fees, it is important to identify their relationship with taxes and other types of payments. This issue has been discussed in several legal publications; however, problems still remain in the legal identification of fees. Historically, in different countries, payments with various characteristics have often been referred to by the same term, while, conversely, payments intended to fill the state treasury have been given different names. Thus, terms such as payment, contribution, duty, compensation, and fee each have their own equivalents in different languages.
taxes, fees, contributions, and special payments (Sonderabgaben)
ARE CAPITAL MARKETS PUNISHING COMPANIES FOR THE LACK OF ESG TRANSPARENCY? ESG REPORTING AND THE EXPECTED RESPONSE OF MARKETS FROM INDEPENDENT REPORTS
Among many questions still open in the growing academic literature regarding mandatory ESG reporting, one of the most important is whether capital markets react positively when firms issue their very first formal ESG report. In this paper, we present the background of our hypothesis that the issuance of the very first formal ESG compliant financial report leads to positive abnormal returns. Based on the principles of information asymmetry, signaling theory, and the relation of ESG reporting and cost of capital, we argue that firms issuing their first ESG report can benefit from a positive abnormal return due to decreased information asymmetry between the firm and ESG-oriented investors.
ESG disclosure; capital markets; event study; abnormal returns; information asymmetry; cost of capital; signaling theory; first adoption; sustainability reporting.
THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS ON CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
This paper investigates how individual corporate governance mechanisms affect the efficiency of credit risk management in commercial banks. Departing from studies that treat credit risk solely as an outcome level, the paper defines risk management efficiency as the ability of a bank to convert its risk-governance resources into superior credit quality relative to a best-practice frontier. Governance mechanisms are decomposed into board-level, committee-level, executive-level, and disclosure-level components, and their marginal contribution to efficiency is assessed. A two-stage methodology combining frontier efficiency estimation with regression analysis is proposed and discussed in the context of the Uzbek banking sector.
Corporate governance mechanisms, credit risk management, efficiency, supervisory board, risk committee, chief risk officer, non-performing loans, data envelopment analysis.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN TURKESTAN AFTER THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
This article examines the socio-economic situation in Turkestan following the October Revolution of 1917 and analyzes its major consequences. The establishment of Bolshevik rule led to political instability, economic decline, food shortages, changes in property relations, and a deterioration in the living standards of the population. The exclusion of local representatives from governing institutions and the neglect of the national, religious, and social interests of the indigenous population intensified public dissatisfaction. The article also highlights the suppression of the Turkestan Autonomy and the growing resistance to Soviet authority. These developments demonstrate that the new political system failed to gain broad support among the local population and further deepened the existing socio-economic problems in the region.
Turkestan, October Revolution, Bolshevik government, socio-economic situation, economic decline, food shortage, Turkestan Autonomy, Soviet authority, local population, political resistance.
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF STARTUP COMMERCIALIZATION IN UZBEKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2024-2026 STARTUP SURVEYS
The article examines institutional factors influencing startup commercialization in Uzbekistan under the conditions of digital transformation. The empirical basis consists of comparative evidence from Startup Survey 2024 Uzbekistan and Startup Survey 2026 Uzbekistan, which covered 310 startups and 400 startup founders respectively. The analysis shows that the Uzbek startup ecosystem is becoming more structured: the share of full-time founder involvement increased, two-member teams became more common, venture fund participation expanded, and trust in investors improved. At the same time, most projects remain at the idea and MVP stages, while only a limited share reaches sales. The article argues that the key development problem is not the shortage of entrepreneurial ideas, but the weak conversion of ideas into validated products, customers, revenue and investment readiness. The proposed institutional response is a coordinated support pipeline combining incubation, mentoring, legal and accounting services, customer validation, MVP testing, investor-readiness programs and regional startup infrastructure. The article also proposes an econometric logic for assessing startup development outcomes through founder characteristics, team capacity, sector, region, access to finance, mentoring, legal support and investor trust.
startup ecosystem, youth entrepreneurship, digital transformation, commercialization, institutional support, venture financing, Uzbekistan, econometric model.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF A LOW-WASTE TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER WITH COMPOSITE REAGENTS
This thesis develops the scientific and technological foundations of a low-waste technology for treating industrial wastewater with composite reagents. The technology combines the bentonite–sapropel composite coagulant (60:40), potassium–aluminium sulfate and iron (III) chloride, and a polymer flocculant system (sodium polyacrylate, PAC, KMS, PAA). The low-waste character rests on three factors: local and partly reusable reagents, a dense and rapidly dewatering sludge, and valorisation of the sludge into useful products (ceramic and sorbent materials). Compared with the conventional aluminium/iron process, the sludge volume was reduced by 46 %, reagent consumption by 29 %, COD removal reached 94 % and water recovery 96 %. The developed technological scheme and mass balance substantiate the sustainability and environmental soundness of the process.
low-waste technology, composite reagent, coagulation–flocculation, sludge valorisation, reagent regeneration, water recovery, mass balance, industrial wastewater, sustainable technology.
QURILISH KORXONALARIDA STRATEGIK BOSHQARUVNI TASHKIL ETISH VA UNING TARKIBIY ELEMENTLARI
Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekistonda qurilish mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish korxonalarida strategik boshqaruvni tashkil etish masallari va uning tarkibiy qismlari tahlil qilingan hamda xorijiy olimlar hoyalari asosida ilmiy taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.
strategiya, strategik boshqaruv, bozor iqtisodiyoti, tashkiliy tuzilma, moslashuvchanlik, kichik biznes, startaplar, innovatsiyalar boʻlimi, innovatsion boʻlim, kompaniyalar strategiyasi.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTI-CONTROLLER PLACEMENT USING HYPEREXPONENTIAL TRAFFIC MODELS IN SMART CITY SDN NETWORKS
Software-defined networking (SDN) has become a key architectural enabler for smart city infrastructure, where a logically centralized control plane governs a distributed forwarding fabric. As smart city deployments scale, a single controller can no longer handle the volume of control traffic, and operators must deploy multiple controllers in a coordinated manner. The question of where, and how many, controllers to install was first framed by Heller et al. (2012) for the single-controller case and has since been extended to the multi-controller setting. Most existing formulations assume light-tailed traffic, yet real smart city traffic exhibits heavy-tailed behavior that conventional models underestimate. This paper evaluates multi-controller placement under a hyperexponential traffic model that captures the bursty, heavy-tailed character of urban control traffic. Using a representative metropolitan topology, we compare three placement strategies — greedy latency minimization, k-means clustering, and a load-aware heuristic — across average latency, controller utilization, and packet loss. The hyperexponential model reveals failure modes that light-tailed models miss, particularly under peak-hour load. We show that load-aware placement reduces tail latency by roughly 28% compared to latency-only optimization, while keeping utilization variance below 0.12.
SDN; controller placement; hyperexponential distribution; smart city; traffic modeling; performance evaluation.
IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES, SUCCESS FACTORS, AND EMERGING TRENDS
This article presents a systematic literature review of IT project management best practices, examining methodological frameworks, critical success factors, failure modes, and emerging trends including agile transformation and AI-assisted project management. Publications from 2010 to 2024 indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library were analysed. The review covers traditional and agile project management frameworks, the evidence base for critical success factors, economic consequences of IT project failures, hybrid methodology approaches, and the implications of digital transformation for project management practice. The analysis reveals that IT projects continue to experience high failure rates — approximately 30–40% exceed budget and timeline by more than 25% — with stakeholder engagement, requirement clarity, and adaptive project governance emerging as the strongest predictors of success. Agile methodologies demonstrate superior performance for complex, innovation-intensive IT projects in dynamic environments. Implications for IT project management capability development in Uzbekistan are discussed.
IT project management, agile methodology, project success factors, software development, digital transformation, project governance, Uzbekistan.
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAIN ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT: APPLICATIONS, VALUE CREATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
This article presents a systematic literature review examining blockchain technology applications in supply chain economics and management, with focus on value creation mechanisms, documented economic benefits, and implementation challenges in both advanced and emerging economy contexts. Publications from 2016 to 2024 indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and supply chain management specialist databases were analysed. The review covers foundational blockchain concepts relevant to supply chain management, principal application domains including traceability, smart contracts, and decentralised finance, economic value creation through transparency and disintermediation, governance and standardisation challenges, and the applicability of blockchain supply chain solutions in Uzbekistan's agro-industrial and manufacturing sectors. The analysis demonstrates that blockchain supply chain implementations generate verifiable value through counterfeit reduction, compliance cost savings,
and financing cost reductions, but face significant implementation barriers including scalability limitations, interoperability deficits, and ecosystem coordination challenges.